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REVIEW
The clinical significance of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance in community-acquired pneumonia
1
Lecturer in Pneumonology Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
2
Assistant Professor in Pneumonology Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Respiratory Infections Unit, Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “G. Papanikolaou” Hospital, Exohi, Thessaloniki
Corresponding author
Ioannis Kioumis
Respiratory Medicine Clinic Aristotle University of Thessaloniki G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exohi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
Respiratory Medicine Clinic Aristotle University of Thessaloniki G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Exohi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
Pneumon 2011;24(4):376-388
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
As resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae has escalated dramatically over the past decades, the efficacy of the three major classes of antibiotics most commonly used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), (i.e., β-lactams, macrolides and respiratory quinolones) is under investigation. According to recently published international data 21.8% of strains of S. pneumoniae are penicillin non-susceptible and 36.3% are resistant to azithromycin. Rates of quinolone resistance remain low, but clonal spread of resistant strains has been reported in closed communities. The precise clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance is difficult to assess, but treatment failures due to antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae have been documented. Comparison of the relatively small number of failures with the magnitude of confirmed resistance reveals a paradox that has not been clarified and possibly involves both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. It is evident that the final outcome of CAP depends not only on the therapeutic regime but also on a variety of factors including the genetic characteristics of the bacterial strain and the background of the patient. Knowledge of the mechanisms of the emergence and spread of resistance is necessary for the rational selection of appropriate antibiotics. Current data suggest that the possibility of penicillin resistance should not be a leading factor for the choice of the therapeutic regime in CAP. In Greece, monotherapy of CAP with a macrolide poses clinical risks, while quinolones should be used with caution. In the setting of increasing resistance the administration of the appropriate antimicrobial therapy is essential for the prevention of emerging infections due to resistant S. pneumoniae strains, which apart from the increased cost of treatment may lead to an unfavourable outcome.
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| eISSN: | 1791-4914 |
| ISSN: | 1105-848X |
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